What Happens
When a Sensor Lies?

First introduce an offset. When the gap exceeds your threshold, the independent reference flags the disagreement. Increase the threshold and a smaller change can pass unnoticed.

Now turn off the independent reference. The underlying change still exists, but this detector has no separate reading to compare against. Agreement and integrity are different questions.

This is an illustrative simulation with synthetic data. It does not connect to equipment or reproduce a specific published experiment. An independent reference may itself fail; real systems need a broader trust model.